CJC-1295 / Order

HUB.05 / REFERENCES

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Eighteen primary sources spanning discovery (2005), Phase 1 and terminated Phase 2 (2006), the analytical literature (2009 to 2025), and the mechanistic and epidemiologic context.

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Primary sources

Each entry is a node in the CJC-1295 citation graph. The /research page anchors each finding to the entries below by node coordinate (N.01 through N.18). Sources are presented chronologically within category — discovery and Phase 1 first, then the terminated Phase 2 program, then the analytical-chemistry literature driven by anti-doping authorities, then the mechanistic and epidemiologic context. Outbound links go to PubMed, PMC, ClinicalTrials.gov, ScienceDirect, Wiley, Oxford Academic, and the original publishing journals — primary sources only.

How to read a citation node

Each numbered entry on this page carries: a node coordinate (the [N] marker used in inline citations across the site), the full author list and title, the journal, year, DOI, and a primary-source URL. The DOI line resolves to the publisher's canonical landing page. The PubMed or PMC link, where available, opens the same record in the National Library of Medicine's index. The /research page filters by year and category; the /references page lists everything in one place. References are not the design — they are the editorial substrate the design routes through.

On the cited record's limits

Eighteen primary sources is not a vast literature. CJC-1295 has been studied in two healthy-volunteer Phase 1 trials, one terminated Phase 2 program in HIV-lipodystrophy, three rodent studies (one rat discovery, one rat detection, one GHRH-knockout mouse rescue), one cross-species pituitary-culture comparison, one proteomic biomarker characterization, and a half-dozen analytical-chemistry papers driven by anti-doping authorities. The rest of the cited record consists of mechanistic GHRH-R signaling reviews, an IGF-1 epidemiology meta-analysis, a somatopause framing paper, and the forensic identification of a seized gray-market preparation. There is no Phase 3 trial. There is no large observational cohort. The evidence graph is small enough to read end-to-end, and this page is the index that makes it tractable.

  1. Jetté L, Léger R, Thibaudeau K, et al. Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog. Endocrinology. 2005;146(7):3052-3058. ↗
  2. Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, Gagnon C, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006;91(3):799-805. ↗
  3. Ionescu M, Frohman LA. Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006;91(12):4792-4797. ↗
  4. Alba M, Fintini D, Sagazio A, Lawrence B, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA, Salvatori R. Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;291(6):E1290-E1294. ↗
  5. Esposito S, Deventer K, Goeman J, Van der Eycken J, Van Eenoo P. Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile changes in normal adult subjects. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 2009;19(6):507-512. ↗
  6. Timms M, Steel R, Ganio K, Bailey S. An immuno polymerase chain reaction screen for the detection of CJC-1295 and other growth-hormone-releasing hormone analogs in equine plasma. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2019;11(7):1099-1109. ↗
  7. Timms M, Ganio K, Forbes G, Bailey S, Steel R. A method for confirming CJC-1295 abuse in equine plasma samples by LC-MS/MS. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2019;11(8):1180-1187. ↗
  8. Knoop A, Thomas A, Fichant E, Delahaut P, Schaenzer W, Thevis M. Qualitative identification of growth hormone-releasing hormones in human plasma by means of immunoaffinity purification and LC-HRMS/MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2016;408(12):3145-3153. ↗
  9. Knoop A, Thomas A, Thevis M. An antibody-free, ultrafiltration-based assay for the detection of growth hormone-releasing hormones in urine at low pg/mL concentrations using nanoLC-HRMS/MS. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2022;219:114802. ↗
  10. Henninge J, Pepaj M, Hullstein I, Hemmersbach P. Identification of CJC-1295, a growth-hormone-releasing peptide, in an unknown pharmaceutical preparation. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2010;2(11-12):647-650. ↗
  11. ConjuChem Biotechnologies (sponsor). A Study to Evaluate CJC-1295 in HIV Patients With Visceral Adiposity (NCT00267527). ClinicalTrials.gov, 2006. ↗
  12. Timms M, Steel R, Ganio K, Bailey S. An immuno polymerase chain reaction screen for the detection of CJC-1295 and other growth-hormone-releasing hormone analogs in equine plasma. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2019;11(7):1099-1109. (Methodology background on heterogeneous thiol conjugation defeating top-down MS workflows.) ↗
  13. Cunha SR, Mayo KE. Ghrelin and growth hormone (GH) secretagogues potentiate GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)-induced cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate production in cells expressing transfected GHRH and GH secretagogue receptors. Endocrinology. 2002;143(12):4570-4582. ↗
  14. Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, Gagnon C, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults — Phase 1 safety/tolerability subset. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006;91(3):799-805. ↗
  15. Schally AV, Wang H, He J, et al. Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R) and its signaling. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2025;26(3):529-554. ↗
  16. Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, Gagnon C, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults — comparator half-life ladder for sermorelin, modified GRF(1-29), tesamorelin. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006;91(3):799-805. ↗
  17. Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, O'Dwyer ST, Shalet SM, Egger M. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. The Lancet. 2004;363(9418):1346-1353. ↗
  18. Giovannini S, Marzetti E, Borst SE, Leeuwenburgh C. Modulation of GH/IGF-1 axis: potential strategies to counteract sarcopenia in older adults. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2008;129(10):593-601. ↗
  19. Safety and efficacy of approved and unapproved peptide therapies for musculoskeletal conditions. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
  20. GH increases extracellular volume by stimulating sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002. PMID: 11932310. ↗
  21. Effects of a growth hormone-releasing hormone analog on endogenous GH pulsatility and insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011. PMID: 20943777. ↗
  22. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (PCAC) briefing document on growth hormone secretagogues (CJC-1295). FDA Advisory Committee Briefing Materials. 2024. ↗
  23. Granata R, Leone S, Zhang X, Gesmundo I, et al. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2025;21(3):180-195. ↗
  24. World Anti-Doping Agency. The Prohibited List — Section S2: Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics. WADA International Standard. 2025. ↗